Hear here how Russia's "dual key" system for their strategic nuclear weapons controls who and how Russia might launch nuclear weapons. Putin has one key; the top of the armed forces has another. Each with separate codes.
No one knows if Putin would launch a nuclear strike, if they had battlefield set-backs in Ukraine. Will the people flying the bombers, will the people in the silos, those "young guys", will they let the missiles go? You can see it's more than one man making the decisions.
As for "low-yield" tactical weapons, if they fire one at Ukraine our it's also fired against Russia. The fallout for a weapon used in Ukraine will bring fallout to the Kremlin. So that's an obvious brake.
That's good. Right? Right!?... A fascinating listen, as nuclear war is again in the zeitgeist, like back in the 60s.